东北区域空气质量时空分布特征及重度污染成因分析

东北已成为我国又一个霾污染多发和重发区域.采用2013～2017年东北区域大气污染物地面监测数据、卫星数据和气象数据等信息,探讨了中国东北地区空气质量时空分布特征与重度污染成因.结果表明,"沈阳-长春-哈尔滨"带状城市群是全年污染最严重的区域,空气质量指数(AQI)的空间分布具有明显的季节性,冬季污染最严重,春季吉林省西部周围为椭圆形污染区,夏季和秋季大部分时间空气质量最佳.3个典型的霾污染时期是10月下旬和11月上旬(即秋末和初冬,时期一),12月下旬和1月(即冬季最冷的时候,时期二),及4月到5月中旬(即春季沙尘和农业耕作期).时期一,季节性作物残茬焚烧和冬季采暖用煤燃烧产生的PM_(2.5)强排放是极端霾事件发生的主要原因(AQI 300);时期二,在最严寒月份里,重度霾污染事件(200 AQI 300),主要由燃煤和汽车燃料消耗的PM_(2.5)排放量高,大气边界层较低,以及大气扩散性差等共同引起;时期三,春季PM_(10)浓度较高,主要是由内蒙古中部退化草原的风沙和吉林省西部裸地的区域性扬尘传输造成的.同时,当地农业耕作本身也释放PM_(10),并提升了裸土的人为源矿物尘的排放强度.     

浅谈校园网ARP欺骗攻击与防御

ARP欺骗木马病毒是校园网络中经常出现的病毒攻击形式．基于ARP协议的概念和工作原理,并通过分析ARP欺骗的工作原理,提出了几种可行的解决ARP欺骗攻击的实用方法,以达到防范并解决ARP欺骗的目的．参5．     

高分辨率气相色谱/高分辨率质谱同位素内标法测定烟气样品中的多氯萘

多氯萘(PCNs)同二噁英(PCDD/Fs)和类二噁英多氯联苯(PCBs)类似,在烟气中的含量处于痕量水平,一般都在pg·m-3以下,因此分析方法要求有较高的灵敏度和选择性.以国内外的研究方法和参考文献为基础,建立了同位素内标稀释高分辨气相色谱/高分辨率质谱联用对垃圾焚烧发电厂的烟气样品中的PCNs进行分析.结果表明,该方法对17种氯取代位的PCNs单体的空白干扰在N.D.—2.1 pg之间;方法检出限范围为2.8—9.1 pg·nm-3,线性范围为0.40—240 pg·μL-1;空白加标实验中目标化合物的回收率为84.62%—116.21%,提取内标回收率为40.41%—75.79%,采样内标的回收率为88.92%—89.89%.实际烟气样品测得17种PCNs的同系物浓度分布在8.79—509 pg·nm-3之间,PCN-6的含量最高,PCNs-31S含量最低,相对标准偏差在4.43%—14.44%.该分析方法具有较高的准确性和可靠性,适用于烟气样品中多氯萘物质的测定.     

扰动法在风网解算中的应用研究*

为简化矿井通风复杂风网的解算,提出将扰动法引入到风网解算中,并介绍扰动法的原理、风网解算的基本定律;给出常见的固定风压、固定风量和给定风机性能函数3种风机工况下的扰动方程矩阵表达式及详细的计算过程;对所提风网解算方法进行实例验证。结果表明:扰动法作为固定运算次数的近似方法,在工程实际允许的误差范围内,相比于以牛顿法为代表的迭代法耗时少、不依赖初值,是1种简单实用的风网解算方法。     

Protected areas and deforestation: new results from high‐resolution panel data

This paper investigates the effectiveness of protected areas in slowing tropical forest clearing in 64 countries in Asia/Pacific, Africa and Latin America during the period of 2001–2012 by comparing deforestation rates inside and within 10 km outside of the boundaries of protected areas. Annual time series of these deforestation rates were constructed from recently published high‐resolution data on forest clearing from Hansen et al. (2013). For 4,028 parks, panel estimation based on a variety of park characteristics was conducted to test if deforestation was lower in protected areas because of their protected status, or if other factors explained the difference. From a sample of 726 parks established since 2002, a test was also conducted to investigate the effect of park establishment on protection. Findings suggest park size, national park status and management by indigenous people all are significantly associated with effective protection across regions. For the Asia/Pacific region, the test offers compelling evidence that park establishment has a near‐immediate and powerful effect.     

Degradation of duloxetine: Identification of transformation products by UHPLC-ESI(+)-HRMS/MS, in silico toxicity and wastewater analysis

Duloxetine (DUL), an antidepressant drug, has been detected in surface water and wastewater effluents, however, there is little information on the formation of its transformation products (TPs). In this work, hydrolysis, photodegradation (UV irradiation) and chlorination experiments were performed on spiked distillated water, under controlled experimental conditions to simulate abiotic processes that can occur in the environment and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Eleven TPs, nine from reaction with UV light and two from chlorine contact, were formed and detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and nine of them had their chemical structures elucidated upon analyses of their fragmentation patterns in MS/MS spectra. The formation and degradation of the TPs were observed. The parent compound was completely degraded after 30?min in photodegradation and after 24?hr in chlorination. Almost all TPs were completely degraded in the experiments. The ecotoxicity and mutagenicity of the TPs were predicted based on several in silico models and it was found that a few of these products presented more ecotoxicity than DUL itself and six TPs showed positive mutagenicity. Finally, wastewater samples were analyzed and DUL and one TP, possibly formed by chlorination process, were detected in the effluent, which showed that WWTP not only did not remove DUL, but also formed a TP.     

我国典型秸秆露天燃烧黑碳的高时间分辨率排放特征及其排放清单

农作物秸秆燃烧是大气中黑碳(black carbon,BC)气溶胶的主要来源之一。目前农作物秸秆燃烧排放黑碳的研究主要集中在通过离线样品分析获得的BC排放特征,缺少实时在线排放特征的研究。本研究收集了我国具有代表性的4种农作物秸秆(小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆),通过在实验室燃烧平台模拟农作物秸秆露天燃烧的过程,利用黑碳仪获得农作物秸秆燃烧过程中BC的实时浓度排放变化;利用质量重建,获得BC在线排放因子。结果表明:农作物秸秆在明燃过程中BC的排放因子较为稳定。通过平均排放因子的计算,获得小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆的BC排放因子分别为(0.32±0.05) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.13) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.09) g?kg~(-1)和(0.44±0.01) g?kg~(-1)。在排放因子的基础上,结合我国农作物秸秆露天燃烧量,最终建立了2015年我国省级(不含港澳台地区)典型农作物秸秆燃烧的BC排放清单。     

Assessing the Impact of Areal Precipitation Input on Streamflow Simulations Using the SWAT Model1

Masih Ilyas, Shreedhar Maskey, Stefan Uhlenbrook, and Vladimir Smakhtin, 2011. Assessing the Impact of Areal Precipitation Input on Streamflow Simulations Using the SWAT Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):179‐195. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00502.x Abstract: Reduction of input uncertainty is a challenge in hydrological modeling. The widely used model Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) uses the data of a precipitation gauge nearest to the centroid of each subcatchment as an input for that subcatchment. This may not represent overall catchment precipitation conditions well. This paper suggests an alternative – using areal precipitation obtained through interpolation. The effectiveness of this alternative is evaluated by comparing its simulations with those based on the standard SWAT precipitation input procedure. The model is applied to mountainous semiarid catchments in the Karkheh River basin, Iran. The model performance is evaluated at daily, monthly, and annual scales by using a number of performance indicators at 15 streamflow gauging stations each draining an area in the range of 590‐42,620 km². The comparison suggests that the use of areal precipitation improves model performance particularly in small subcatchments in the range of 600‐1,600 km². The modified areal precipitation input results in increased reliability of simulated streamflows in the areas of low rain gauge density. Both precipitation input methods result in reasonably good simulations for larger catchments (over 5,000 km²). The use of areal precipitation input improves the accuracy of simulated streamflows with spatial resolution and density of rain gauges having significant impact on results.     

2019年元旦前后石家庄市重污染过程PM2.5污染特征及来源解析

2018年12月30日至2019年1月15日石家庄市发生了连续的灰霾天气,出现12个重污染天,首要污染物均为PM_2.5.本文从污染演变、时空分布、组分分析、污染来源和气象因素等多方面展开分析探讨污染成因.结果表明,PM_2.5主要成分为二次无机离子（65.4%）,主要来源为燃煤（24.4%）和工业工艺源（23.7%）.随污染加剧SO₄^2-占比和二次无机源贡献均大幅增加.先后受来自偏南-东南和偏西-西南方向低空气团及特殊地形、静稳高湿、近地逆温等不利气象条件影响,燃煤、工业和机动车尾气等一次源产生的污染物在太行山前快速积累,气态污染物二次转化和颗粒物吸湿增长推高PM_2.5,硫酸盐暴发式增长加剧污染发生.建议重污染应急响应期间在确保各项减排措施落实到位情况下,加强二次无机组分前体物SO₂、NO_x及NH₃排放源的管控,并重点关注SO₂排放源（散煤等）,同时加强市区东北方向新乐、无极、深泽、晋州和行唐区县大气排放源管理,减少局地传输影响.     

Sustainable Water Resources Management in a Conflict Resolution Framework1

Abstract: A decision support system for sustainable water resources management in a water conflict resolution framework is developed to identify and evaluate a range of acceptable alternatives for the Geum River Basin in Korea and to facilitate strategies that will result in sustainable water resource management. Working with stakeholders in a “shared vision modeling” framework, sustainable management strategies are created to illustrate system tradeoffs as well as long‐term system planning. A multi‐criterion decision‐making (MCDM) approach using subjective scales is utilized to evaluate the complex water resource allocation and management tradeoffs between stakeholders and system objectives. The procedures used in this study include the development of a “shared vision model,” a simulated decision‐making support system (as a tool for sustainable water management strategies associated with water conflicts, management options, and planning criteria), and the application of MCDM techniques for evaluating alternatives provided by the model. The research results demonstrate the utility of the sustainable water resource management model in aid of MCDM techniques in facilitating flexibility during initial stages of alternative identification and evaluation in a basin suffering from severe water conflicts.